Good Csr - Bad Csr in Telecommunications Industry

6/6/2011 IMI EXAMPLES OF GOOD CSR AND BAD CSR IN TELECOMMUNICATION IN INDUSTRY Evaluating CSR using BL Framework | Ashwani K Sinha CONT ENTS 1. 2. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................. 3 SELECTION OF INDUSTRY .................................................................................................................................... 3 2.1 2.2 2.2.1 2.2.2 CSR issues in general ......................................................................................................................................... 3 CSR issues specific to the telecommunications industry†¦show more content†¦13 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS .................................................................................................................................. 13 APPENDIX ......................................................................................................................................................... 14 8.1 8.2 About M-Pesa .................................................................... .............................................................................. 14 About txteagle ................................................................................................................................................. 15 9. REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................................................... 16 2 1. INTRODUCTION Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has become the corporate buzzword. There are as many perspectives on CSR as are multitude of companies, thinkers and experts. It has evolved majorly over the last few decades in a big way and opinions vary on what CSR actually means and what it doesn’t. At a general level it is seen to include the responsibilities of firms beyond simply contributing to economic growth, and focuses on environmental and societal concerns. 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In addition, the Nigerian regulatory measures enforcing the adoption of codes and conduct of CSR policies by these companies, their reporting practices and interaction with leading CSR institutions have either been non-existent or inadequately formulated

Comparative Essay of Goold and Polanski Macbeth Films

Macbeth, like any play, is open to interpretation by the performers. Each separate performance is unique. The different stylistic choices made in performances of the play change the way that viewers see the characters and events. This means that while the events of the Goold and Polanski films are the same, they tell us slightly different stories. It is interesting to look at the two films in terms of their faithfulness to, and their divergences from the original text, and the effects that these choices have on their viewers. The first clear point of interpretation is the setting of the play. Polanski chose to remain true to the play’s original setting, in 11th century Scotland. The costumes, behavior of the characters, and sets depict†¦show more content†¦In the Polanski film, Macbeth himself is the determined, ambitious driving force behind the events that take place, with Lady Macbeth there mainly to support him. The depictions of the witches were also quite dissimilar. Polanski’s depiction of the witches as hideous crones is true to Elizabethan society’s idea of them, and therefore very similar to how they would have appeared in performances during Shakespeare’s time. To a modern audience, however, warty, cackling witches are borderline ridiculous. Goold chose to modernize the witches as much as he did the rest of the play, and have the witches be disguised as nurses, which allowed them to plausibly be near the other characters, and allowed him to combine a couple of scenes into one. Goold clearly made an effort for his witches to be genuinely alarming for even a modern, horror-movie accustomed audience, and succeeded. The alien nature of the witches was made clear by both films. As a play, Macbeth is intended to be interpreted differently by different directors, which allows each performance to be unique. Polanski used the play’s original setting, while Goold placed the story in the 20th century. The cast of the Goold film stayed closer to how the characters were written by Shakespeare, while Polanski’s cast portayed the main characters slightly differently, with more emphasis given to Macbeth than Lady Macbeth. Polanski’s witches wereShow MoreRelatedMacbeth Comparative Essay1150 Words   |  5 PagesThe Power Couple Macbeth Comparative Essay Word Count: 1147 In Western culture today, it is a widely accepted fact that men and women have equal power in a marriage; whereas in Elizabethan times, a woman was dominated by her husband and she would have very little control over her life. The leading omnipotent couple in William Shakespeare’s Macbeth have a compelling marriage with a power dynamic that is beyond the boundaries set by society at the time in which he wrote the play. The directors

Nano Technology free essay sample

Nanotechnology is derived from the combination of two words Nano and Technology. Nano means very small or â€Å"miniature†. So, Nanotechnology is the technology in miniature form. It is the combination of Bio- technology, Chemistry, Physics and Bio-informatics, etc. Nanotechnology originated in India around 16 years back. It is in its early development phase and therefore the industry keeps a keen watch over the students who pursue M. Tech. in nanotechnology. There are several career opportunities for such students in domestic as well as international markets. This new sphere of scientific innovation has a broader scope. Several Indian institutes have introduced degree courses in Nanotechnology at both the UG and PG levels. The areas covered in the Nanotech are Food and Beverage, Bio- Technology, Forensic Sciences, Genetics, Space Research, Environment industry, Medicine, Agriculture and Teaching. The three chief divisions of Nanotech are Nanoelectronics, Nanomaterials, and Nano-Biotechnology. The implications of Nanotechnology in India can be found in the field of telecommunications, computing, aerospace, solar energy, and environment. We will write a custom essay sample on Nano Technology or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, Nanotech’s major contribution can be seen in the computing, communication and, medical field. Nanomedicine is the most important field of Nanotechnology. The nano level gadgets and materials are used for diagnosing and treatment of diseases. Nano-Pharmacology has generated a specific category of smart drugs that affect negligible side effects. The use of Nanotech has also helped in the detection of narcotics and fingerprints of the suspected criminals. The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, also known as CSIR has set up 38 laboratories in India dedicated to research in Nanotechnology. This technology will be used in diagnostic kits, improved water filters and sensors and drug delivery. The research is being conducted on using it to reduce pollution emitted by the vehicles. Looking at the progressive prospects of Nanotechnology in India, Nanobiosym Inc. , a US-based leading nanotechnology firm is planning to set up India’s first integrated nanotechnology and biomedicine technology park in Himachal Pradesh. Nanotechnology has certainly acquired an essential position in the Indian Economy and Scientific Research Department and it is expected to reach the pinnacle of Development thereby making India a role model for the countries of the world.

The Sarcophagus of Ahiram

A lead made sarcophagus was excavated by a French Archaeologist in Rome in 1923. This was a rarity because a few of the sarcophagus adopted by the Romans used lead. Curiously, there were only countable instances of renowned personalities buried in luxurious sarcophagus.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Sarcophagus of Ahiram specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Well, a sarcophagus is a luxurious casket or a coffin that was used for the inhumation of the dead. The Greeks used this method for centuries; however, the Egyptians were the first people known to use such inhumation procedure. The ancient Egyptians used this method to bury their ‘mummies’. The word ‘sarcophagus’ originates from two Greek words ‘sarx’ and ‘phagien’. These words mean ‘flesh eater’ when combined for a sarcophagus word. The Egyptians believe the sarcophagus was a possessor of life , and not of death (Koortbojian 57). The sarcophagus of Ahiram is considered to be the mysterious discovery which tells much about the history of the city and the king who ruled it. Description of the Sarcophagus Pierre Montet, a French archaeologist, discovered this interesting but mysterious sarcophagus in 1923. Dating back to Early Stone Age, this sarcophagus revealed outstanding calibrations and low relief panels. These characteristics revealed the excellent art of the Phoenicians of that era. The sarcophagus shows King Ahiram seated on his throne who is carved with sphinxes that are winged in high place. The priestesses are offering the King several pieces of the lotus flower. There is a lid outside the sarcophagus. This lid is engraved with two imposing masculine images. They seem to confront each other. There are lions between the gentlemen. This sarcophagus is ideally made from sand or limestone. It assumes the shape of a rectangle and has a relief characteristic with a base , the main coffin and a decorated lid. Curved lions decorate the sarcophagus have. The two lions sit back to back probably showing reverence and respect to the King Ahiram. Amazingly, their body parts are detached, this means the legs, paws, and lengthy tails of the lions are seen. There is a mysterious touch about these engravings that may suggest respect or admiration. From an anterior view, the heads of the lions are in the first plain and simplifying force, audacity, and strength are more emphasised. To the long side of the sarcophagus there is a clear scene of the King on the throne. He is next to winged sphinxes. They are seen to be standing in a straight posture and their strong tails lifted. The King is seen to be calm and is holding a piece of a lotus flower that is almost withering.Advertising Looking for essay on ancient history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More His gestures are suggesting that he is pointing at some thing and he is receiving special offerings from at least seven people who have analogous garments. The symmetrical inscriptions on top of the sarcophagus tell preferably about the splendid growth of his Kingdom. Feminine people are seen wailing at the edge, traces of scarlet colour are seen; these are features that make this sarcophagus rhetoric and mysterious. The sarcophagus has various inscriptions. If one takes a closer look at the sarcophagus, he/she can see 38 inscriptions of the Phoenician Alphabet there. Scholars believe the Phoenicians alphabets represent the oldest dialects in the Kingdom of Byblos. The excavator and scholars found very interesting features about this sarcophagus. The inscriptions carried messages that meant to stop the excavator to continue digging. Reinhard Lehman was able to find the translation of the writings on this sarcophagus using the ancient Phoenician alphabetical dialect (Pritchard 57). History of the Sarcophagus of Ahiram King of Byblos becam e incredibly famous because of the sarcophagus described above. This is real evidence of the culture and wisdom of the Phoenician people. The alphabet found on the lid of the sarcophagus proves the Greek writings. Benjamin Sass is a proponent of a theological theory that Israelites have a hand in creating the complex alphabet. The text inscribed on the sarcophagus is the oldest alphabet of around 11th century. That is, it is older than Moabite King Misha dated to be characteristic with 814 B.C kind of texts. Scholars believe that Ahiram was a renowned Phoenician King. He ruled a Kingdom called Byblos. He reigned in 999 BC. Little history is written about Ariham, although a lot is revealed in this sarcophagus that was discovered in 1923. Ahiram’s name was inscribed in the sarcophagus and kept scholars looking for answers as well as information about this Phoenician King of Byblos (Torrey 265). First, the archeologist thought it to be a simple Egyptian burial place. The sealing and the basic writing on the surface of the sarcophagus reveal a lot that makes this piece of artifact a national historical object that needs a keen eye. Apart from the inscriptions of the lid and the rim of the artifact, the messages carried on the inscriptions are shocking, tormenting, and mysterious. This makes this piece more interesting. The details of the inscriptions describe how King Ahiram of Byblos was put in seclusion. Of course, this is a tale of the bitter story of death.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Sarcophagus of Ahiram specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Then, no one among the kings or governors in Byblos kingdom should come against King Ahiram and try to uncover the same sarcophagus. If someone does this, then there will be a lot of suffering and minimal peace in the land, because whoever will be excavating the sarcophagus will be after the Kingdom of Ahiram (Lee 82). There are several mea sures the excavator should perform to exonerate guilt and fate. This sends a chill down the spine. In conclusion, the Sarcophagus of Ahiram carries a lot of mystery and the obscurity behind the method of burial. It is evident from the inscriptions in the lead sarcophagus that was excavated almost a century ago. Works Cited Koortbojian, Michael. Myth, Meaning, and Memory on Roman Sarcophagi. California, CA: University of California Press, 1995. Print. Lee, David. Ernest Renan: In the Shadow of Faith. London, UK: Duckworth, 1996, Print. Pritchard, James. Archaeology and the Old Testament. London: Princeton University Press, 1968. Print. Torrey, Charles. â€Å"The Ahiram Inscription of Byblos†. Journal of the American Oriental Society.† Journal of the American Oriental Society, 45.4 (1925): 269 279. Web. This essay on The Sarcophagus of Ahiram was written and submitted by user Dav1s to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Describe what happens at the fast of Ramadan Essay Example

Describe what happens at the fast of Ramadan Essay Ramadan, the ninth month of the Islamic calendar, is the month during which the prophet Muhammad received the first revelation of the Quran from Allah through the angel Jibril on the Night of Power. Because of this, Muslims treat this month as very special, so they undertake a fast (Sawm) throughout the duration of Ramadan, which lasts 29 or 30 days. Fasting is a very important part of life for Muslims as it is the 4th of the 5 pillars of Islam, which are the five compulsory duties which a Muslim must perform. Sawm is the name of the fast which Muslims undertake in Ramadan. Usually, it begins as the first of the Sun appears above the horizon, and ends when the Sun has set. People living in areas of the world where the Sun sets or rises at extreme times may follow a different time for fasting. As Muslims use a lunar calendar, the position of Ramadan in terms of the season changes every year, so some years the days are longer or shorter. In the Quran 2:183, it states: O ye who believe! Fasting is prescribed for you, even as it was prescribed for those before you, that you may ward off (evil). As this is the direct command of Allah, it is obligatory for Muslims to follow the fast. Also, the prophet Muhammad himself set the example for fasting. In the Hadith it says: Upon (seeing the new moon at the start of Ramadan) the Holy Prophet observed fasting and ordered people to observe the fasts of Ramadan. We will write a custom essay sample on Describe what happens at the fast of Ramadan specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Describe what happens at the fast of Ramadan specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Describe what happens at the fast of Ramadan specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Sawm encompasses much more than just not eating, as some people believe. During the daylight hours, nothing must pass the lips, including food, drink, chewing gum and cigarette smoke. In addition, Muslims must refrain from bodily pleasures, such as sexual activity and comfort, during this period. Throughout the fast, Muslims must always have Taqwa. Taqwa is a constant awareness of Gods omnipresence and omniscience, and Muslims must remember this because if God is aware of everything that they do, they will be dissuaded from breaking the fast. Also, Muslims must make a declaration of niyyah before fasting. Niyyah means intention, and to a Muslim, the intentions of people are extremely important. In the Hadith, it says there are many who fast during the day and pray all night, but they gain nothing but hunger and sleeplessness. This shows that fasting is worthless unless performed with the correct intention, or niyyah. All Muslims are expected to fast if they are able, but some are exempt. If someone is ill, and fasting would endanger their health further, they are exempt. Also, pregnant, menstruating and breast-feeding women are allowed to break the fast. Muslims who are on a long strenuous journey (although this may not be applicable to modern Muslims, as these rules date from times where people travelled by foot) or soldiers do not have to fast. These people should either make up missed fasting days when they are able to, or if this is not possible, they are expected to give money equivalent to 2 meals to the poor for each day of fasting they miss. The elderly do not have to fast, but they are expected to donate money. Children may start to fast gradually as they get older, but they are expected to fast as an adult would from the age of about 12. Finally, mentally disabled people who would not understand the purpose of the fast do not have to fast, because they would gain nothing from it and it would just amount to unnecessary suffering. As Ramadan is a very special month to Muslims, there is always an opportunity to do extra for their faith throughout it, and there are many ways in which they do this. Firstly, many Muslims perform a sixth prayer each day in addition to their usual five. This extra prayer has either eight or twenty rakahs, or prayer cycles. This isnt compulsory, but many Muslims perform it. Also, many Muslims try to attend prayers at the Mosque every day during Ramadan, instead of just on Fridays. Mosques also arrange programmes for Muslims to learn more about their religion throughout the holy month. Towards the end of Ramadan, Laylat-ul-Qadr is celebrated. This is the Arabic name for the Night of Power, when the prophet Muhammad received the first revelation. Some Muslims celebrate the Night by spending the last 10 days of Ramadan (during which the Night occurred) staying in the Mosque, where they study Islam, pray, and meditate. At the end of each day during Ramadan, the meal that breaks the fast is called iftar. Usually Muslims will start with a small meal, and then have larger meals later on in the evening. Iftar is seen as a reward for the days fasting, and Muslims will be proud of their achievement that day, so they often celebrate with their friends or family. A meal eaten in the early hours of the morning before sunrise is called suhur. At the end of Ramadan, the feast of Eid-ul-Fitr is celebrated. For Muslims, this is the most exciting celebration of the year because it marks the end of a month of suffering, and they rejoice in their new allowance to eat and drink as they wish. Many Muslims and Muslim shops work for the whole night beforehand to prepare for the festivities. The start of Eid-ul-Fitr is marked by the call to prayer from the Mosque, which is signalled usually by the sight of the new moon. When this signal comes, Muslims rejoice, greeting and congratulating one another and their successful fast. Friends and family meet and have meals, as the entire Ummah celebrates the end of the fast. B) Explain the importance of Ramadan to Muslims and the ways in which it may affect their lives. There are many ways in which Ramadan is important to Muslims. The month itself is very special to Muslims, as it commemorates the first revelation of the Quran given to Muhammad from Allah through the Angel Jibril. Therefore, the celebration of Ramadan is important because it reminds Muslims of their religions history and origins and of the prophet Muhammad. Another way in which Ramadan is important is that Sawm is one of the five pillars of Islam, which are the most important tenets of the faith. This makes it very important to Muslims, as it is a central part of their religion. The fasting itself affects the lives of Muslims in many ways. During the fast, everyone is equal. Everyone undertakes the fast on the same level, regardless of status, wealth, race or gender. This reminds Muslims of the equality of everybody in the Ummah before Allah, and that he will judge them all equally both during and at the end of life. It also allows Muslims to empathetise with the poorer members of the Ummah through this equality. The fast gives better-off Muslims the chance to experience the lack of food endured by people who live in poorer countries, and through this empathy allows them that they have an obligation to help the needy people in the world. Ramadan helps form a sense of togetherness and community between Muslims. As everyone within the Ummah is undertaking the same hardship, friendships are strengthened as people help each other through the fast and the lack of self-indulgence gives time for families and friends to become closer. In countries where the majority of the population is not Muslim, this could have both positive and negative effects. As Muslims are in the minority, the bonds between Muslims will be stronger than ever as they support each other during Sawm. However, Muslims may feel isolated from non-Muslims who are not enduring the same hardship and may be ignorant of the Muslim practices, and as a result there could be greater separation between Muslims and non-Muslims during the month of Ramadan. This would not be the case in predominantly Muslim countries or communities, where everyone is part of the Ummah and is undertaking the fast together. On a more personal level, Muslims can benefit greatly from fasting. It helps them with self-discipline and with controlling their temptations. Muslims are guided away from falling victim to vices and temptations, and sawm is a good way for them to practice and experience this. By controlling the temptations of something simple such as food and drink, they can extend this self-control to other areas that are considered makruh (frowned upon) or haraam (forbidden) by Muslims, such as covetousness, sexual immorality or greed. Also, Ramadan is also an opportunity for a change for the better which may not be linked to Islam. For example, they may use the fast as an opportunity to lose weight and keep a healthy figure, or even give up smoking. Ramadan gives Muslims the chance to appreciate the fact that it is Allah who sustains and is responsible for all life on Earth. This reminds them that their life is totally dependant on Him, and they should be thankful for this. Through fasting, without questioning why it is necessary, Muslims are directly submitting to the will of Allah and following His command. This is showing their loyalty to the way Allah wants them to live. As in the religion of Islam it is essential to show ones complete submission to Allah, fasting is a great act of worship because they are fulfilling His commands. Furthermore, Ramadan is an analogy to life itself. Ramadan is a time of hardship and suffering, which is rewarded at the end with Eid-ul-Fitr; life also entails hardships and suffering, and it is rewarded with paradise when it reaches its end. This reminds Muslims that although life may be hard at times, it will be rewarded when they die by eternal happiness in the afterlife. C) The advantages of fasting during Ramadan outweigh the disadvantages. Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer. For a Muslim, there are many advantages to fasting during the month of Ramadan. Firstly, it helps to teach Muslims self-discipline. By abstaining from comforts such as food which are usually taken for granted, they can also learn to abstain also from other things which are considered haraam or makruh, and ultimately become better Muslims as a result Sawm also benefits Muslims in the fact that they can put themselves in the shoes of needy Muslims who live in underprivileged countries. Richer Muslims who fast experience and understand the daily suffering and toil of poorer people in the ummah who cannot afford to eat properly all the time. As a result, the entire ummah benefits because after empathizing with disadvantaged people, the richer may be more inclined to give sadaqah (voluntary charity) to help them. Poorer people will also benefit from zakat-ul-fitr, the compulsory money donated to the poor as part of Ramadan and Eid-ul-Fitr. Ramadan is also a time for Muslims to focus on their religion. The month is a very holy time, and followers of Islam will strive to focus on their spiritual side and their beliefs rather than their material comforts, so they can become better Muslims and better people. Furthermore, Ramadan is a time for thanksgiving for Muslims. It reminds them that Allah is completely responsible for creating and sustaining life, and allows them a chance to thank Him. Muslims believe that sawm is part of a test by Allah, to see how good a person a Muslim is and as part of the decision as whether they should go to Paradise or Hell when they are resurrected on the Day of Judgment. Through fasting together, both immediate family and friends and the whole ummah can become closer, strengthening the entire Muslim community as people help each other through the fast. There are also physical advantages to the fast. It could help Muslims to lose weight by restricting their food consumption, or could help them quite smoking by following their religion. Finally, by fasting, Muslims are submitting to the will of Allah, which shows the complete devotion to their faith. They are living their lives and doing things according exactly to how they believe Allah wishes them to, and this is the ultimate act of worship. Although there are many advantages to the fast of Ramadan, there are also disadvantages. The most obvious of these is the physical problems associated with a lack of food and water. Muslims may feel weak or faint during the day, not be able to concentrate, or suffer from illnesses such as migraines. Depending on where they live, a Muslim may experience different problems. In most Muslim countries, especially in the Middle East and northern Africa, the climate is extremely hot, so the lack of food and water may take more of a physical toll on the fasters. However, in a non-Muslim country, where the majority of people are not fasting, Muslims may not enjoy the compensations that are made for people fasting in predominantly Muslim countries, such as shorter working/school days etc. and they will have to work just as hard as they normal have to. Muslims undertaking sawm will also have many problems in everyday life. For example: they will not be able to concentrate on their work or schooling as well; if they have exams during Ramadan they may not be as successful; if they have a position of responsibility, the fasting may lead to harm of people under their care; and if they are driving, they will not be able to concentrate as well due to the hunger and this could present a risk. This could also harm the economy of a country: if the vast majority of people are fasting and are not able to work as efficiently, this will harm the country as a whole and people could become poorer as a result. Finally, through fasting a Muslim may become too self-focussed. They may just be fasting to ensure that they go to Paradise on the Day of Judgment, and they may forget about the needs of others as a result, achieving the opposite of what they had the intention (niyyah) to do in the first place. To conclude, I agree with the statement in the question, as the advantages and disadvantages of fasting are many and diverse, as I have listed. However I believe that for a Muslim, the advantages greatly outweigh the disadvantages, as being a better Muslims spiritually and mentally is more important than their physical hardships and possessions. Islam teaches that people are to be judged on for their good deeds and their submission to Allahs will rather than any material or physical attributes, therefore fasting is much more advantageous than disadvantageous.

How a Genetic Mutation Led to the White Race

How a Genetic Mutation Led to the White Race Imagine a world where everyone had brown skin. Tens of thousands of years ago, that was the case, say scientists at Pennsylvania State University. So, how did white people get here? The answer lies in that tricky component of evolution known as a genetic mutation. Out of Africa It has long been assumed in scientific circles that Africa is the cradle of our human civilization​ and that it was there that our  ancestors shed most of their body hair around  2 million years ago. They quickly evolved dark skin for protection from skin cancer and other harmful effects of UV radiation. Then, says a 2005 study conducted at Penn State, when humans began leaving Africa 20,000 to 50,000 years ago, a skin-whitening mutation appeared randomly in a sole individual. That mutation proved advantageous as humans moved into Europe. Why? Because it allowed the migrants increased access to vitamin D, which is crucial to absorbing calcium and keeping bones strong. Sun intensity is great enough in equatorial regions that the vitamin can still be made in dark-skinned people despite the ultraviolet shielding effects of melanin, explains  Rick Weiss of the Washington Post, which reported on the findings.  But in the north, where sunlight is less intense and more clothing must be worn to combat the cold, melanins ultraviolet shielding could have been a liability. Just a Color This makes sense, but did scientists identify as well a bona fide race gene? Hardly. As the Post notes, the scientific community maintains that race is a vaguely defined biological, social and political concept...and skin color is only part of what race is- and is not. Scientists still say that race is more of a social construct than a scientific one because people of the so-called same race have more distinctions in their DNA than people of different races do. In fact, scientists posit that all people are roughly 99.5 percent genetically identical. The Penn State researchers findings on the skin-whitening gene show that skin color accounts  for a minuscule biological difference between humans. The newly found mutation involves a change of just one letter of DNA code out of the 3.1 billion letters in the human genome- the complete instructions for making a human being, the Post reports. Skin Deep When the research was first published, scientists and sociologists feared that the identification of this skin-whitening mutation would lead people to argue that whites, blacks, and others are somehow inherently different.  Keith Cheng, the scientist who led the team of Penn State researchers, wants the public to know thats not so. He told the Post, I think human beings are extremely insecure and look to visual cues of sameness to feel better, and people will do bad things to people who look different. His statement captures what racism is in a nutshell. Truth be told, people may look different, but theres virtually no difference in our genetic makeup. Skin color really is just skin deep. Not so Black and White Scientists at Penn State continue to explore the genetics of skin color. In  a study published in Science on October 12, 2017, researchers report their findings of even greater variants in skin color genes among native Africans. Such diversity, says  evolutionary geneticist Sarah Tishkoff, the lead author of the study, likely means that we cant even speak of an African race, much less a white one.

Describe the political warfare between the federalist and their Essay

Describe the political warfare between the federalist and their opponents,the Jeffersonians ,during the 1790s, - Essay Example His objective was to rally national support for Hamiltons economic programs and creation of a strong national government. He formed acquaintances with like-minded supporters of independence or nationalists on realizing the need for vocal political support in the states. He used his network of treasury agents to bond friends of the government, especially bankers and merchants in the dozen major cities of the new nation. The Federalists Party became popular with businesspersons, mostly people from New England. Its distinguished representatives included Alexander Hamilton, John Adams, John Jay and author Noah Webster. The Jeffersonian Republicans on the other hand emerged within three years of the Constitution inauguration. Americans.net records that no longer able to agree to the various policies that President Washington advocated, Thomas Jefferson left the Cabinet in 1793. Together with James Madison and lesser figures in the infant federal government, they formed a coalition that took to the leadership of popular opposition to economic and financial programs of Alexander Hamilton. They feared the intense threat to the American experiment in popular self-governance by the broad interpretation of the Constitution advanced on their behalf, the policies of the first secretary of the Treasury, and the anti-populist reactions that some of Hamiltons supporters expressed. The opposition deepened after 1793 when Britain and revolutionary France entered into twenty years of war. It extended into foreign policy and marshaled a large enough portion of the population such that historians describe Jeffersonian Republicans as the first American political party. By 1792, newspapers started referring to Hamilton supporters as Federalists while they referred to Jefferson’s supporters as Democrats, Republicans, Jeffersonians or Democratic-Republicans. They were generally farmers and opposed a strong central government. The state networks of both Federalist and